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How Doors Open Ontario activates the province’s communities
Economics of heritage, Buildings and architecture, Community, Adaptive reuse
Published Date: Oct 01, 2019
Photo: The Canadian Niagara Power Generating Station was opened for a special Doors Open weekend on October 26-27, 2019. (Photo: Niagara Parks)
The Ontario Heritage Trust’s Doors Open Ontario program works with communities and partners to open the doors, gates and courtyards of Ontario’s most unique and fascinating cultural sites in order to encourage Ontarians to discover the stories inside. From historical houses to modern marvels of construction, Doors Open Ontario showcases the buildings, natural spaces, infrastructure and cultural landscapes that shape and define our communities. The program encourages Ontarians to experience their history up close, behind the doors of each participating site, and nurtures pride in our exceptional heritage and contemporary places.
Inspired by European Heritage Days, the Trust has worked since 2002 to activate a cross-provincial scope of Doors Open events. This regional approach makes it unique in North America. The Trust launched the program to create interest, awareness and excitement about Ontario’s heritage.
From major cities like Toronto or Ottawa to predominantly rural places such as Dutton Dunwich – and many in between – Ontario’s diverse range of people and communities are represented in the program. In fact, since the program began, over 93 per cent of Ontarians live in a community that has hosted Doors Open Ontario. Approximately 500,000 people take part in Doors Open Ontario each year, and nearly 8.5 million people have visited Doors Open Ontario events since the program began.
Each event is free, and thus uniquely accessible to the general public. This community exploration creates opportunities for locals to discover their home through a tourist’s point of view, and for non-locals to discover different communities across the province and learn about what makes them wonderful.
Doors Open Ontario is a valuable tool for the economic development of communities around Ontario. It generates a cross-provincial economic impact effect of over $11 million dollars per year. Since the program began, it has generated over $130 million dollars in visitor spending. While visitors to each Doors Open event are predominantly local, there is a sizeable portion of non-local tourists as well – in fact, your average visitor to a Doors Open Ontario event visits two events each year. Visitors predominantly spend on food/restaurants when they visit Doors Open Ontario events. This activity creates opportunities for convergence with historical downtown commercial areas in communities across Ontario, areas where many Doors Open Ontario sites are typically concentrated, to boost their business for a day or weekend.
Each year, the program features 900 to 1,200 individual sites throughout Ontario. Sites are places – not just buildings, and not just old ones either. Sites can be churches or museums – but also craft breweries and local businesses. Sites need not be traditional heritage buildings, though these are the program’s valuable roots. Doors Open Waterloo Region features innovative technology start-ups that have adaptively reused buildings in the municipality’s respective cores and given them dynamic new purpose, such as the Communitech Hub or North Inc. Businesses like these that participate have an opportunity for community engagement. Sites can also include natural heritage properties, such as trails or conservation areas – like the Shadow Lake Centre in Whitchurch-Stouffville. Sites can be walking tours, such as Doors Open Guelph’s Arts Walks or Sharing Guelph’s Stories Initiative, which activate interest in local heritage through partnerships with local arts and culture networks. Sites can even be those places where a building used to be. Doors Open London, for example, activates parking lots with performances and stories of the buildings, people and businesses once present there.
Each year, a theme inspires the Trust and its partners’ approach to the program. In 2019, the theme of communication saw the doors open to film and television studios across Ontario, such as NUVO Network in Doors Open Burlington and Doors Open Halton Region.
Typically, the most popular sites are those that are normally closed to the public – only open for Doors Open Ontario. Infrastructure sites of this nature, such as Doors Open Toronto’s R.C. Harris Water Treatment Plant and the GO Whitby Maintenance Facility in Doors Open Whitby activate a behind-the-scenes enthusiasm that is at the root of much of the program’s appeal. One site, if special enough, can even serve as a marquee magnet to attract non-local visitors to a community that encourages knock-on visitation at other participating sites in the event, such as the David Dunlap Observatory in Doors Open Richmond Hill.
One of the program’s most exceptional sites is in Doors Open Quinte West – Research Casting International – which appears on the outside to be a nondescript warehouse. On the inside, however, it is a “dinosaur factory.” The massive space features enormous casts of paleontological fossils destined for natural history museums across the world, including the Smithsonian. The program ensures that the public can access, discover and appreciate special places like these – all across the province.
The Trust relies on its indispensable partners across the province to deliver this program – from municipalities, regions, heritage councils and heritage organizations. The program also relies on its vast network of volunteers, mobilized to organize and then successfully deliver these events. Without these volunteers, Doors Open Ontario would not be possible. In 2018, organizers and day-of volunteers contributed over 32,000 hours to support Doors Open Ontario!
The program continues to evolve, generating new and exciting formats and attracting new audiences. As the program approaches its 20th anniversary in 2021, we are thinking and listening to our friends and partners about how to continue to grow the program. Doors Open Ontario can continue to see growth by: targeting the lucrative GTA-based day-tripping market with millennials and young families in search of interesting and engaging experiences and exciting photo opportunities; reaching Ontarians digitally; developing innovative programming experiences at participating sites and pop-up activations in new or lapsed communities; and, continuing to incorporate places of interest beyond traditional heritage properties.
Interest in Doors Open Ontario events continues to grow. In 2019, many communities have seen increased and even record visitation. We are inspired by the successes of the past 18 years, grateful for the work and partnerships made along the way, and excited to work together to make Ontario open for you to discover, through Doors Open Ontario.
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- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
The challenges of ownership
Historic places of worship may possess cultural heritage values that engender public support for their preservation, but these values sometimes differ from the spiritual and...
- 28 May 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Tools for conservation - Author: Sean Fraser,
Subsidizing demolition
In nature, there is no such thing as waste. Nature operates in an endless web of interconnected cycles of use, transformation and reuse. The concept...
- 28 May 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Natural heritage
Community - Author: Tamara Chipperfield and Kiki Aravopoulos,
Heritage in harmony: The integration of natural and cultural landscapes
Approximately 11,000 years of human culture are recorded in Ontario’s landscapes. Most existing natural landscapes in Ontario today have intrinsic cultural heritage meaning and significance...
- 28 May 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Erin Semande,
The sustainability of place
Located on the Lake Huron shore at the mouth of the Maitland River, Goderich is known as “Canada’s Prettiest Town.” It is situated in what...
- 28 May 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Adaptive reuse - Author: Joe Lobko and Megan Torza,
Rebirth of the Wychwood Barns
The Artscape Wychwood Barns – near St. Clair Avenue West and Bathurst Street in Toronto – were created when five historic streetcar maintenance barns were...
- 28 May 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Environment - Author: L.A. (Sandy) Smallwood,
Discarding the past
When an old building is torn down, we lose more than just the structure. We lose a bit of our past. The foundation walls and...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Kathryn McLeod,
Heritage off the 401
Highway 401, stretching from Windsor to the Quebec border, is one of the busiest highways in North America. Anyone who has journeyed east of Toronto...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Romas Bubelis,
Building on the past
Eastern Ontario offers an array of impressive historic houses. Some of these houses – owned and operated by the Ontario Heritage Trust – are featured...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Michael Vidoni,
La nouvelle St. Brigid
L’église catholique St. Brigid d’Ottawa est entrée dans une nouvelle ère. Depuis presque 120 ans, elle se dresse au cœur d’un quartier divers et dynamique...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Adaptive reuse - Author: Glenda Jones,
From mill to museum
The big oak door of the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum in Almonte in eastern Ontario swings silently open as it has done for over 10...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Wayne Kelly and Kathryn McLeod,
Ontario's eastern treasures
Inhabited by Aboriginal Peoples for 7,000 years, present-day eastern Ontario is rich with heritage. The area gradually transformed as French and later United Empire Loyalists...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Community
- Author: Liane Nowosielski,
Honouring Ontario’s premiers
The Ontario Heritage Trust launched the Premiers’ Gravesites Program at a memorable ceremony last November in Cornwall to commemorate the province’s first premier – The...
- 12 Feb 2009
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Ellen Kowalchuk,
The Rockwood story
Behind the stately façade of Kingston’s Rockwood Villa lies the history of mental health services in Ontario. Built in 1842 as a residence for local...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Adaptive reuse - Author: Romas Bubelis,
The character of adaptive reuse
In his 1947 essay titled “The Past in the Future,” architectural historian John Summerson (1904-92) offered this description of an old building. He was speaking...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Adaptive reuse - Author: Erik R. Hanson,
Second chances for Peterborough’s priceless heritage
One of the greatest challenges to creating a healthy downtown is getting people to live there. While Peterborough’s historic centre is full of beautiful heritage...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
The heritage of faith – Ontario’s places of worship
In 2006, the Ontario Heritage Trust began compiling an inventory of significant pre-1982 purpose-built places of worship located throughout the province. These remarkable cultural treasures...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Marcus R. Létourneau,
Kingston’s heritage: Time and again
The City of Kingston sits at a strategic location, halfway between Montreal and Toronto, where Lake Ontario meets the western end of the St. Lawrence...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Beth Anne Mendes and Erin Semande,
Alma College remembered
By mid-afternoon on Wednesday, May 28, 2008, Alma College in St. Thomas was reduced to a smouldering ruin. The loss of this significant site to...
- 11 Sep 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Adaptive reuse - Author: Sean Fraser,
Understanding adaptive reuse
In our efforts to conserve heritage properties, finding a use can be our greatest challenge and our greatest opportunity. An unused, vacant heritage building is...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Thomas Wicks,
A renaissance of northern heritage
After railway development connected this once-isolated area to the rest of the province at the end of the 19th century, the abundant natural resources attracted...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Community
- Author: Nicole Guertin and Andréanne Joly,
Northern Ontario: An authentic heritage
Heritage is often associated with the distant past and, for many, a dusty museum. Northern Ontario, however, is proposing a rejuvenation of its heritage by...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Expanding the narrative
Community - Author: Beth Anne Mendes,
Routes through the wilderness: The development of a transportation network in Northern Ontario
Isolation, great distances, demanding terrain and difficult weather conditions challenged the fortitude and perseverance of the people who forged water routes, roads, railways and air...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Denis Héroux,
Adventurous workers wanted for remote locations – Housing provided
The exploration, settlement and development of northern Ontario were motivated by the exploitation of the region’s natural resources – primarily fur, timber, gold and silver...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Francophone heritage
Community - Author: Karen Bachmann,
Our Francophone heritage
Fauquier. Moonbeam. Kapuskasing. Hearst. Val Gagné. Belle Vallée. Sudbury. Timmins. Sturgeon Falls. The history of northern Ontario cannot be told without looking at the contributions...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Romas Bubelis,
Northern icons
The towering McIntyre Mine Headframe in Timmins. The Clergue Block House and Powder Magazine in Sault Ste Marie. St. Francis of Assisi Anglican Church in...
- 12 Jun 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Cultural landscapes - Author: Sean Fraser,
The historical Cobalt Mining District – A community resource
At the turn of the 20th century, Cobalt was a small and isolated lumber camp. In August 1903, two lumbermen – James McKinley and Ernest...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Community
Tools for conservation - Author: David Tremblay,
Community conservation: Ingredients for success
For the past seven years, a group called SOS-Églises has led the fight to preserve two century-old village churches in Essex County. Located in Pointe-aux-Roches...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Cultural objects - Author: Kathryn Dixon,
Friends of the Trust
Throughout its 40 years, the Ontario Heritage Trust has developed strong partnerships with local communities. Among these partnerships are those with the groups whose efforts...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Community
Tools for conservation - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
Resources: Engaging citizens in community conservation
What's on the shelf Old Canadian Cemeteries: Places of Memory, by Jane Irwin with photographs by John de Visser (2007) Firefly Books. Canada abounds in...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
Arts and creativity
Adaptive reuse - Author: Gordon Pim,
Raising the curtain: How the Winter Garden Theatre was rediscovered
In December 1913, Loew’s Yonge Street Theatre – the Canadian flagship of the mighty Loew’s empire – opened in Toronto. Two months later, the opulent...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
The past empowered
The buildings, structures and landscapes that comprise our cultural heritage are products of the intricate interplay between people and place over time. What is preserved...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
Have you seen this building?
In November 2007, the Sir Aemilius Irving House in Hamilton was demolished by its owner to make way for a new building. Unfortunately, local heritage...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Beth Hanna,
Enoch Turner Schoolhouse – a citizen’s legacy
When the province of Ontario introduced the 1847 Common Schools Act, municipalities were given the power to introduce taxes to fund public education. Toronto city...
- 14 Feb 2008
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Laura Hatcher,
Counting our blessings
Built in Glengarry in 1821, St. Raphael’s Church was one of Ontario’s earliest Roman Catholic churches. Constructed under the supervision of Alexander Macdonell – Upper...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Environment - Author: Romas Bubelis,
Building assets
Which is more sustainable – an artificial or live Christmas tree? This is an environmentalist’s conundrum, and it illustrates the paradox of “sustainable” building materials...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Environment
Adaptive reuse - Author: Sean Fraser,
The guiding principles of sustainable architecture
In the late 1990s, the Ontario Ministry of Culture introduced Eight Guiding Principles in the Conservation of Built Heritage Properties, which are in common use...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Environment - Author: Sean Fraser and Karen Abel,
Inside Sheppard’s Bush
Charles Sheppard (1876-1967) moved to the Town of Aurora in 1921, after making his fortune in the Simcoe County lumber industry. Brooklands, his modest estate...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Beth Anne Mendes,
Discovering the City Beautiful
On July 25, 2007, the Ontario Heritage Trust and the Town of Kapuskasing unveiled a provincial plaque to commemorate the town plan that helped shape...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Environment - Author: Sean Fraser,
Fact or fiction: Demystifying the myths around going green – Moving toward a more sustainable architecture
Sustainable: able to be maintained at a certain rate or level . . . conserving an ecological balance by avoiding a depletion of natural resources...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Environment
Adaptive reuse - Author: Alex Speigel,
Sustainability for old buildings: A developer’s perspective
Adaptive reuse provides a sound and sustainable approach to the renewal of our urban fabric, as illustrated by the conversion of three Toronto buildings to...
- 15 Nov 2007
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Romas Bubelis,
In praise of older windows
Façade: a word of double-edged meaning. Architecturally, it refers to the face of a building. In literature, more often than not, it connotes a front...
- 10 May 2007
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
Building on our successes
The Ontario Heritage Trust’s heritage conservation easements conserve some of Ontario’s most significant heritage sites. Good stewardship of easement properties includes regular maintenance and periodic...
- 10 May 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Adaptive reuse - Author: Kathryn Dixon,
The story of Barnum House
Barnum House, on the north side of Highway 2 (Danforth Road), west of Grafton is historically significant for its association with the Barnum family. It...
- 10 May 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Tools for conservation - Author: Beth Hanna,
The R’s of conservation
An earlier generation spoke of the three R’s as “Reading, ‘riting and ‘rithmetic.” They were the fundamentals of education in the 19th century and considered...
- 10 May 2007
- Military heritage
Buildings and architecture - Author: Susan Ramsay and Marnie Maslin,
Battlefield House Museum and Park – A pioneer in the history of preservation
Nestled under the Niagara Escarpment and situated in a park connected to the Bruce Trail, Battlefield House Museum National Historic Site in Stoney Creek is...
- 10 May 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Tools for conservation - Author: Sean Fraser,
Leading the way in municipal heritage planning
What’s happening in your community? With significant amendments to the Ontario Heritage Act in April 2005 and a strengthening of the Provincial Policy Statement (PPS)...
- 15 Feb 2007
- Community
- Author: The Honourable James K. Bartleman,
In the beginning . . . the first provincial plaque
Fifty years ago – on a fine fall afternoon, September 26, 1956 – I witnessed the unveiling of Ontario’s first provincial plaque in my hometown...
- 15 Feb 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Kiki Aravopoulos,
Exploring Country Heritage Park
In March 2006, the Ontario Heritage Trust acquired a cultural conservation easement on Country Heritage Park. Located in Milton, this designed heritage attraction was created...
- 15 Feb 2007
- Economics of heritage
Tools for conservation
Communication - Author: Richard Moorhouse,
The future of heritage: The next 40 years
With this anniversary, the Ontario Heritage Trust is celebrating its accomplishments while also looking to the future. Preserving our heritage is an ongoing endeavour; the...
- 15 Feb 2007
- Buildings and architecture
Cultural objects
Tools for conservation - Author: Romas Bubelis and Nick Holman,
Heritage conservation at our front door
The term “porte-cochère” has continental flair, though humble origins. In French, it means “carriage door” and originally referred to a covered entryway into a courtyard...
- 15 Feb 2007
- Black heritage
Buildings and architecture
Natural heritage - Author: Gordon Pim,
Heritage by numbers
Ontario’s heritage is an immense and complex jigsaw puzzle. Every individual element of heritage creates a whole . . . a sort of heritage by...
- 07 Sep 2006
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Louise Burchell,
Saving the Spencerville Mill – Preserving community heritage
The Spencerville Mill, a fine cut-stone flour and grist mill, is located on the bank of the South Nation River in the small rural village...
- 07 Sep 2006
- Community
Cultural landscapes - Author: Romas Bubelis,
Rush and remembrance
On a windswept summer day in 2005, a small congregation gathered beside a cloverleaf off-ramp at the western fringe of Toronto. In Richview-Willow Grove Cemetery...
- 07 Sep 2006
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Cultural objects - Author: Erin Semande,
The biography of a house: If these walls could speak
Researching family history is a popular pastime for many who want to uncover their family’s unique past and discover how they contributed to Ontario’s growth...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Tools for conservation - Author: Gordon Pim,
Winning the battle
There are countless examples across the province of successful restorations of Ontario’s treasured heritage sites. Although the challenges are great – funding being the primary...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Buildings and architecture
Community
Adaptive reuse - Author: Sean Fraser,
Our cultural heritage places: how heritage buildings adapt
Although heritage remains a year-round activity for many of us, Heritage Day is celebrated annually on the third Monday in February. This year’s theme speaks...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Gordon Pim,
Snapshots of the past
A flash of phosphorus. A whiff of smoke. And an image is captured. Photographs have chronicled our lives for over 150 years, remaining one of...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Archaeology
Buildings and architecture
Cultural objects
Tools for conservation - Author: Romas Bubelis,
Historic wallpaper: Finding what’s beneath
Wallpapers first appeared in Canada as early as the mid-17th century. These oldest papers were block-printed, hand-painted or stenciled. Pattern and colour was applied to...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: Tim Mallon,
Small-town museums key to small-town success
For 18 years, my wife and I raised our two sons in the Town of Richmond Hill just north of Toronto. When we moved to...
- 16 Feb 2006
- Archaeology
Buildings and architecture - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
Breaking news: Saving our First Parliament
It was announced on December 21, 2005 that the site of Ontario’s first parliament buildings in Toronto has been saved. The Ontario Government, in partnership...
- 08 Sep 2005
- Archaeology
Buildings and architecture - Author: Dena Doroszenko,
Unearthing the past: Discoveries at Macdonell-Williamson House
Built in 1817, Macdonell-Williamson House in eastern Ontario reflects the ambitions and aspirations of retired fur trader, John Macdonell. His life was fraught with financial...
- 08 Sep 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Community - Author: David Cuming,
Moving forward with heritage conservation
Thirty years ago, when the Ontario Heritage Act was new, I was a young planner with about a year’s experience working in London, England and...
- 08 Sep 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Tools for conservation - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
The healthy roof: Staying on top of heritage preservation
The following excerpt appears in Well-Preserved: The Ontario Heritage Foundationʼs Manual of Principles and Practice for Architectural Conservation (Third Revised Edition), by Mark Fram (Boston...
- 08 Sep 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Tools for conservation - Author: Barbara Heidenreich and Jeremy Collins,
New natural heritage easement properties
John Edward (Ted) Greenwood Sanctuary On March 30, 2005, the Ontario Heritage Foundation received – from Mary Greenwood of Nakara, Australia – a 100-acre (40-...
- 08 Sep 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Natural heritage
Community
Cultural landscapes - Author: Richard Moorhouse and Beth Hanna,
The new Ontario Heritage Act: The evolution of heritage conservation
An important shift has occurred in Ontario’s legislative framework for heritage conservation. On April 28, 2005, the Ontario Heritage Amendment Act (Bill 60) received royal...
- 19 May 2005
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Larry Wayne Richards,
Trent University under the modernist microscope
Throughout the developed world, attention is being given to the built heritage of the modern era. Organizations such as UNESCO's World Heritage Center, the International...
- 19 May 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Tools for conservation - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
Working with superstructures: The framework for Ontario's heritage buildings
Last issue, we discussed the importance of a solid foundation when preserving heritage structures. In this issue, we see how a buildingʼs skeleton holds everything...
- 19 May 2005
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
Leidra Lodge – A new conservation easement
June Ardiel has been a patron and leader in Ontario's arts community all her life. She has authored a book on the public art of...
- 19 May 2005
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Moiz Behar,
The changing face of heritage: The International Style – Toronto’s Toronto-Dominion Centre
In the second quarter of the 20th century following the First World War, Europe saw the emergence of a significant movement in architecture. This “modern”...
- 19 May 2005
- Buildings and architecture
Cultural objects - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
The Homewood collection
As you drive east along Highway 2 between Brockville and Prescott, you will find the robust Georgian Homewood Museum deeply set back from the road...
- 12 Feb 2005
- Black heritage
Buildings and architecture - Author: Wayne Kelly,
Inside Uncle Tom's Cabin
At a bend in the Sydenham River near the town of Dresden stands Uncle Tom’s Cabin Historic Site. The museum – built on the site...
- 12 Feb 2005
- Buildings and architecture
- Author: Sean Fraser,
The Sharon Temple and the heritage of faith
While most of Canada celebrates Heritage Day on the third Monday in February, Ontario celebrates Heritage Week. The theme developed for Ontario Heritage Week 200...
- 12 Feb 2005
- Natural heritage
Community - Author: Ontario Heritage Trust,
Hurricane Hazel 50 years later
There was little warning about Hurricane Hazel – one of the worst storms in Canada’s history. At the time, few Canadians paid attention to tropical...
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- Accessibility
- Privacy statement
- Terms of use
- © King's Printer for Ontario, 2023
- Photos © Ontario Heritage Trust, unless otherwise indicated.